October 2024

The development of image processing techniques has made a dramatic change to many fields including healthcare; entertainment; security; and agriculture. Over the last decades the field of image processing, handling digital images manipulations and analysing has become considerably developed thanks to the advancement of algorithms, hardware and machine learning. As a result of this evolution, several domains in which visual information is central have reached a breakthrough. This evolution is explored below, and its implications described across different fields. 1. Early Stages of Image Processing Basic Image Manipulation: First, basic techniques were used for image processing such as image enhancement (contrast adjustment, noise reduction), filtering and edge detection. The operations during this focused on enhancing useful visual quality of the images as well as extracting simple features such as edges and small information (texture). Analog to Digital Transition: Starting in 1960s and 1970s, the image processing services has been shifted from analog to digital image processing which eventually established the presence of modern image analysis. The early applications of EEQ were in the field of astronomy, in the medical imaging or remote sensing, where processing or enhancing of the medical or satellite images was a requirement to be able to interpret them. 2. Computer Vision and Automated Analysis: The Emergence Feature Extraction and Pattern Recognition (1980s–1990s): Towards the 1980s, image processing became more sophisticated tasks (such as object recognition, shape detection, and feature extraction). With Soble filtering, Canny edge detection, and Hough transforms computers were able to detect and understand our images with simple shapes and edges. Objects in limited domains were classified using pattern recognition algorithms for limited domains such as OCR and industrial automation. Medical Imaging: During the period, image processing was essential in medical fields as Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and ultrasound developed. Noise reduction, contrast enhancement, and segmentation algorithms were used to analyse internal body structures that were otherwise not easily investigated by medical professionals leading to better diagnosis and surgical planning. 3. Image processing with the Rise of Machine Learning Support Vector Machines (SVMs) and K-Nearest Neighbours (KNNs): A decade, or so, ago, image classification and recognition tasks were becoming easier with the help of applications of machine learning techniques such as SVMs, KNNs and decision trees, etc. These algorithms used systems to recognize objects based on training data, and were applied to facial recognition, fingerprint analysis, early biometric systems. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs): However, the real revolution happened with deep learning and CNNs in mid 2000s. CNNs try to replicate the operation of the human visual system, and as a result, we can have CNNs learn hierarchical features from the images automatically. As a result, accuracy in object detection, face recognition, and image classification grew to unprecedented levels, making things like self-driving cars, surveillance, and augmented reality. 4. Techniques of Modern Image Processing Deep Learning and Neural Networks: The recent developments in deep neural networks (DNNs), especially CNNs, marked a turning point in image processing. Today, CNNs are used for various tasks, including: Object Detection: Detecting multiple objects in an image (e.g YOLO, SSD, Faster R-CNN). Image Segmentation: Segments an image in regions or object (e.g. U-Net, Mask R-CNN). Image Super-Resolution: Improving the image resolution (say, this is with GANs, SRCNN). Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs): GANs (2014) have led to image synthesis from such random noise. (Deepfakes, image restoration, style transfer—changing the style of an image while maintaining its content, all have implications from this work.) Reinforcement Learning in Vision: Now, reinforcement learning techniques are being incorporated into vision-based systems performing tasks such as robotic vision, where agents learn to interact with their environment via visual feedback. Implications of Image Processing in Various Fields 1. Healthcare Medical Diagnostics: In healthcare, advanced image processing techniques especially powered by AI are transforming. With high accuracy, CNNs can now learn to detect diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular conditions and diseases of the retina from medical images (for example, X rays, MRIs, CT scans and retinal scans). With the use of automated image segmentation, the doctors can point the particular areas of concern like tumours or an abnormality with accuracy. Surgical Assistance: Robotic surgeries are assisted by real time image processing and augmented reality guided operations, in which surgeons overlay diagnostic images (CT/MRI) over the patient’s body for better precision. Telemedicine: Image processing is used in real time diagnostics in which doctors examine the medical images downloaded from distant places and then accordingly take action for start of treatment. 2. Autonomous Vehicles and Robotics. Self-Driving Cars: The development of autonomous vehicles is based on the image processing. Both LiDAR and camera base systems detect obstacles, lane markings, pedestrians, and other vehicles all with real time image processing. Currently, cars are capable to navigate in complex environments with the help of techniques such as object detection, semantic segmentation and depth estimation. Robotics: Image processing in robotics enables machines to be ‘seeing’ and to grasp what they are encountering. In service robotics, vision systems are used to navigate and interact in dynamic environments, and in manufacturing, image-based algorithms are used to perform tasks such as defect detection, part recognition and quality control in robots. 3. Entertainment and Media Image and Video Enhancement: With image processing, the techniques which can be performed include image enhancement, restoration (removing noise, improving clarity, etc.) and colorization to black & white footage. Image processing has revolutionized media production. They are widely used in photography as well as film postproduction. Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR): The processing power of images is used by AR and VR experiences for real-time processing that merges real and digital objects (AR) or produces virtual world immersion (VR). Face tracking, motion capture and environment recognition are required to create lifelike experiences. Content Creation (Deepfakes): One type of image synthesis technique, GANs, along with others, are used to generate highly realistic images and videos, colloquially referred to as deepfakes. These have creative applications in this space, but with a side of ethical concerns of misinformation and